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Leopards are found in Africa and Asia, from the Middle Eastern nations to Russia, Korea, China, India, and Malaysia. [16], The generic name Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to a hunting net for catching wild beasts that were used by the Romans in combats. Another litter was born in 1961, in which all the offspring were spotted and bigger than a juvenile leopard. [144] Cubs are usually born in a litter of 2–4 cubs. [140] An adult leopard was recovered from the stomach of a 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in) Burmese python. Unsuccessful attempts were made to mate a leopon with a tigress. When a tiger killed baits at sites formerly frequented by leopards, the leopards did not hunt there for some time. Leopards are found in sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, southwestern and eastern Turkey, in the Sinai/Judean Desert of Southwest Asia, the Himalayan foothills, India, Russia, China and the islands of Java and Sri Lanka, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). [121] A study in Wolong National Nature Reserve in southern China demonstrated variation in the leopard's diet over time; over the course of seven years, the vegetative cover receded, and leopards opportunistically shifted from primarily consuming tufted deer to pursuing bamboo rats and other smaller prey. There, the two species have high dietary overlap, and an increase in the tiger population resulted in a sharp decrease in the leopard population and a shift in the leopard diet to small prey (from 9% to 36%) and domestic prey (from 6.8% to 31.8%). Fossil cat teeth collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands were assigned to the leopard. [78] Leopard fossils dating to the Pleistocene were also excavated in the Japanese archipelago. [62], Results of an analysis of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African leopard museum specimens published in 2017 showed that some African leopards exhibit higher genetic differences than certain Asian leopards which are recognized as subspecies. However, the leopard is a vulnerable species. Oken's classification was not widely accepted, and Felis or Leopardus was used as the generic name until the early 20th century. 1400)-language text, Articles containing Middle French (ca. Click to attach a photo related to your comment, According to a BBC article Sri Lanka is also home to the biggest leopards in the world and highest density of leopards anywhere in the world, Where do Leopards Live? [20], The leopard's fur is generally soft and thick, notably softer on the belly than on the back. It kills small prey with a bite on the back of the neck, but holds larger animals by the throat and strangles them. In Cambodia, leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Protected Forest. [5][6], Leopards are hunted illegally, and their body parts are smuggled in the wildlife trade for medicinal practices and decoration. However, in the extreme northern part of the leopard’s range, a rare subspecies of this cat lives in the temperate forests and harsh winters of the Russian Far East. African Leopard - The African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) is a subspecies of … [48] Social Structure The Amur leopard is habitually nocturnal and solitary. [22] Leopards living in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; those living in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. – wtorkowy raport aktualności", Illuminating the blind spot: A study on illegal trade in Leopard parts in India (2001–2010), "Apex predators decline after an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones", "Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London 'Zoo, Ruhuna (Yala) National Park in Sri Lanka: Visitors, Visitation, and Eco-Tourism, "Estimation of leopard population size in a secondary forest within Malaysia's capital agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks", "Conservation and management prospects of the Persian and Malayan leopards", Leopard Anthology: Research and conservation of leopards in Asia, Asian Leopard Specialist Society: Research, conservation and management of Asian leopard subspecies, Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopard&oldid=995724649, National symbols of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Old French (842-ca. This has been verified by the Guinness Book of World Records. [106], Average daily consumption rates of 3.5 kg (7 lb 11 oz) were estimated for males and of 2.8 kg (6 lb 3 oz) for females. It has since been hypothesized that it became extinct on the island following the Toba eruption about 75,000 years ago,[75] and due to competition with other predators, such as the Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) and the dhole (Cuon alpinus). [35], The maximum weight of a wild leopard is about 96 kg (212 lb), recorded in Southern Africa. [109], Males occupy territories that often overlap with a few smaller female territories, probably as a strategy to enhance access to females. Although population numbers are thought to be lower outside protected areas, their populations are probably healthiest in Borneo because of the absence of tigers and leopards. The leopard has become extinct in Zanzibar, and in regions of sub-Saharan and northern Africa it is becoming rarer and rarer. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in rain forest habitats. However, they tolerate females better. "For me, no animal is … [150] The generation length of the leopard is 9.3 years. These data indicate the near-fixation of the dark allele in the region. Leopard-like fossil bones and teeth possibly dating to the Pliocene were excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Leopards can be aggressive when others lurk in their area, invading their home range. While they were previously found in the wild in a number of areas around the world, their habitat is largely restricted to sub-Saharan Africa with small numbers also found in India, Pakistan, Malaysia, China and Indochina. Rangers confiscated large amounts of poison in the camps of livestock herders who were accompanied by armed merchants. The Amur leopard is found in temperate forest habitat, which experience a wide range of variability in temperature and precipitation. ", "Increasing game prices may alter farmers' behaviours towards leopards (, "Status of the Arabian leopard in Saudi Arabia", "Living with Leopards Outside Protected Areas in India", "Notes on the diet and habitat selection of the Sri Lankan Leopard, "First structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal high diversity of globally threatened mammals", "Effects of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (, "Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia", "Activity patterns and home ranges of Indochinese leopard, "Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island", "Spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: predicting the function of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative method", "The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals", 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2, "Hunting behaviour in west African forest leopards", "Spacing and activity patterns of leopards, 10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11[145:SAAPOL]2.0.CO;2, "Leopard predation and primate evolution", "Leopard predation on giraffe calves in the Etosha National Park", "Water-use by southern Kalahari leopards", "Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores", "Food habits of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India", "On the ecological separation between tigers and leopards", Blog: Leopard kills cheetah in the Mara and hoists it up a tree, Roxanne, oldest spotted leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve, "Nie ma już lampartów cejlońskich w warszawskim zoo …", "Co w zoo? However, regardless of their territory, all leopards are carnivorous predators, and they are among the most solitary animals in the world. [123] A study in the southern Kalahari Desert showed that leopards meet their water requirements by the bodily fluids of prey and succulent plants; they drink water every two to three days, and feed infrequently on moisture-rich plants such as gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), tsamma melon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari sour grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis). In Laos, leopards were recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Biodiversity Conservation Area and Nam Kan National Protected Area. It has been hypothesized that the white tips of their tails may function as a 'follow-me' signal in intraspecific communication. [3] The leopard is very adaptable and can live in many different places across the globe. A female leopard and her cub in a tree in the, A female leopard showing white spots on the back of the ears, A female leopard showing white spots on the tail, A female leopard in estrus fights with a male attempting to mate with her, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Leopards have been known to humans throughout history, and have featured in the art, mythology, and folklore of many countries where they have historically occurred. The roaring sequence in leopards consists mainly of grunts and is also called "sawing", having been described as resembling the sound of sawing wood. It measured 262 cm (8 ft 7 in). [27] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, leopards have been also observed hunting by day. In areas such as Sri Lanka, reserves in Central Asia and the Middle East and most of the montane and tropical rainforests of Africa, the leopard is the remaining top terrestrial predator present and often take varied prey of various sizes, including at times large ungulates weighing hundreds of kilograms, although they also takes smaller prey such as monkeys where ungulates are scarce. [124], The leopard stalks its prey and tries to approach as close as possible, typically within 5 m (16 ft) to the target, and finally pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. [148] Previously, the oldest recorded leopard was a female named Bertie living in captivity in the Warsaw Zoo. [135] In areas with high tiger populations, such as in the central parts of India's Kanha National Park, leopards are not permanent residents, but transients. Snow leopards are found in 12 countries—including China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, and Mongolia—but their population is dropping. 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